Lucy was a lady of 13 years in the tenth century, lived in an important village with his parents. One summer day, she left to go to the fair with a friend when he felt an urge to go to the bathroom. With nowhere to go, he came the first hovel the way and decided to pee right there. That's when a 35-year-old man found it and decided to take by force. The boy pinned inside the hut and raped her: it was so brutally that Luci was all bloodied and his clothes torn. When the girl arrived home, his father was filled with disgust - could not believe that her daughter was not a virgin. Still, the family decided to seek justice and went to the site agent to imprison the criminal. The officer soon found the accused that, after a long time, finally confessed the crime. Thus, according to the law of the time, the official presented two options for the family: either man was arrested or took the girl and marrying Luci to rescue his "honor." As the girl's father did not want to know that unclean daughter, she had to marry her rapist. That is what happened. The next day, Luci moved to the hut where she was raped, where he spent 11 years beside her monstrous husband. He became pregnant five times and hit her every day while remaining married.
The story would be just a terrible medieval tale, if I had not forgotten an "X" on the day up there. The case of Luci has not happened in the tenth century, but in the twentieth century - in 1982, to be exact. The important village was the city of Guarulhos, in São Paulo, and Luci is Lucineide Souza Santos, a hairdresser of 46 years, today is separated from her rapist. (And if you were in doubt: yes, until 2002 existed in Brazilian law the possibility that the rapist does not meet penalty if he married his victim.)
According to the Yearbook of the Brazilian Forum on Public Security, every year about 50 thousand people are raped in Brazil. These are the official figures obtained from the formal paperwork. But they do not correspond to reality. Rape is one of the most underreported crimes that exist and the Institute of Applied Economic Research estimates that official figures represent only 10% of cases occurred. That is, the true number of people raped every year in Brazil is more than half a million. In the US, where there are longitudinal data, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, one in five women will be raped lifelong.
The reported cases are low because there is a persistent behavior that about rape: silence. Victims do not report their attackers, police do not investigate the allegations, families ignore aid applications, institutions do not give their offenders - those invisible mechanisms make 90% of sexual violence is never known to anyone. And so, yes, it is even greater than the sum of each case crime.
While we understand rape as one of the worst crimes that can happen to anyone - according to research on perception of cruelty, he is second only to murder - are strangely incredulous to believe that it actually happens. Rape is the only crime in which the victim is judged along with the criminal. Imagine that stole your phone and you decide to make a B.O. Now imagine that the officer who took your case decides to ask where you were robbed, what time it was and if you were known to change device all the time. Then he asks if you are sure that the assault actually happened or if you did not give the phone to outlaw willingly. If you then explains that the theft was early in the morning and after you have taken a few beers, the delegate decide - on their own - that there was no crime at all: you were on the street and drunk, who can guarantee that you're telling the truth? Or, worse, who said you did not want to have been assaulted?
This is who was raped all the time. Women reported as they are received with suspicion when they solve tell their stories to someone. People ask what clothes she wore, where she was, what time it was, if he was drunk, it was no longer stayed with the rapist ever, he hinted that it wanted to have sex, even if you have had many boyfriends before. And these questions can come from anyone. That's what happened to Maria * girl, for example, raped by her grandfather to 14 years. When she decided to ask for help to her grandmother, she heard that the fault was hers. "You came out of the bath towel in front of his grandfather, who can not control their instincts." Grandfather usually followed the life and Mary lived with the guilt of having almost unstructured your whole family, as hinted at the grandmother. Such comments come from friends, family, police, doctors, lawyers - and even judges. All instances work to stifle crime and throw it under the rug. All the same.
The power of rape
The 9-year-old boy began to cry when told what had happened to him. A few days before, while looking for food along with a buddy found two adults who spoke to had some food left over and could share some with them - in exchange for a small favor. The favor? That boys do oral sex in adults. Without eating for days, children ended up giving. After winning the food, traumatized, small failed to return home and ended up abandoning their homes. The above story happened in 2014, 9 years boys were residents of a refugee camp in the Central African Republic and adults that extorted for food were French soldiers of a UN peacekeeping force. And the story does not stop there: according to one's own organization internal report, 11 other children in the African country were raped anally or forced to perform oral sex on members of the peacekeeping force, all in exchange for food.
Almost worse than the rape story was what the UN did with the report containing these allegations. The document was sent from employee to employee the employee - no one took any action. Again and again, the case was being stuffy. It was only when the papers fell into the hands of Anders Kompass, an official UN human rights in Switzerland, someone did. Kompass leaked the information to the French government, which finally opened an investigation in the Central African Republic. Then, yes, the UN was forced to take action: stepped down Kompass.
It is hard to find in the world a great institution that has not swept under the carpet any case of rape. Armies, companies, families, universities and churches abetting rapes routinely. The Catholic Church was only the most famous religious organization to do that when bishops and priests were sexually abusing children accused of in early 2000. For a long time the Vatican pretended not to know anything - and even Pope Benedict 16 was charged to look the other way in the years that led a department that reviewed abuses within the Church. The same happened to the Jehovah's Witnesses in Britain, where the pastor Mark Sewell was convicted of abuse of women and children over the years. And it is with evangelical churches in Brazil, where ministers of several states have been accused of abusing girls for alleged "spiritual treatment".
Not only are the churches that adopt this obscurantist stance. In recent months, the focus of sex scandals have been universities, Brazilian and gringo who hardly know where to stick his head in front of so many students counting that were raped in colleges - but we have to get there.
Another very efficient category muffle rape cases is the figure of the "successful man". Just be a respected personality that hardly a complaint of sexual violence will paste. Let us take the case of Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the director of the IMF, which was accused by a hotel maid to have stuck his penis in her mouth, ripped her clothes and tried to penetrate it. Despite evidence of semen on the woman's uniform, Strauss-Kahn denied violence. Thus, the case against him has weakened and the charges were dropped for "lack of credibility of the accuser": decided she was too changed his story and, thanks to a dark past in his native country, Guinea, she was not confidence. Strauss-Kahn ended up resigning at the IMF, but was not convicted.
Several other famous figures also found themselves involved in allegations of sexual violence, such as Bill Cosby and Arnold Schwarzenegger actors, athletes Mike Tyson and Kobe Bryant, and director Woody Allen. The argument against people who denounce celebrities is always the same: they are selfish, crazy guys for fame and money, they deserve to be demonized. (The woman who accused Kobe Bryant, for example, received 70 death threats.) It may be that all women who accuse big shots are really lying (although research indicates that the false allegations of rape barely reach 8%). But it could be not. When in doubt, the punished - for having questioned her and the lack of justice credibility - even end up being the victims.
Who covers up large institutions always uses the same reasoning: "We can not tarnish the image .... [insert here your favorite entity] the complaint of a wretched ... [insert here your favorite curse]." When finally some accusations of pedophilia in the Catholic Church were confirmed, not left to Pope Benedict 16 other choice but to admit that the Vatican's priority had been "a misplaced concern for the reputation of the Church and the containment of scandals." The logic is perverse: compared to years and years of fame and respectability of an abstract entity with the dignity of a particular person. It is not surprising that little person runs leading to worse.
ask offends
It is not easy to report a rape. You have to go to the police and give evidence to employees who do not always know how to deal with victims of sexual violence (there is no special training for this here in Brazil) and that can indeed ask the questions and insinuations that our fictional delegate there ago did. If you want the case has continuity in the legal process, the victim will have to go to the IML to the medical examination (consultations in clinics or private doctors have no legal validity). The exam is embarrassing: the coroner examines the entire body of the woman in search of fibers or those who may incriminate someone, and scour the vagina, anus and perineum for signs of lacerations, sores or sperm. The woman is palpated, penetrated by instruments and interrogated about the crime details, just hours after the event.
Then assaulted will have to hope that his case be referred to the courts: who decides that are prosecutors and judges, and most of them prefer to continue to cases that are more likely to be tested in the courts. This means that if there is no sperm signals, or if the victim has not been threatened by gun or if it does not show bruises because chose to stay still and do not catch the rapist, the tests become more fragile. Who can guarantee that the relationship was on the threat, after all? If women know the criminal, then the chances of your case be brought forward fall dramatically. First, the fear of retaliation: many prefer not to make a complaint not to be persecuted by their attackers. And second, because it is almost impossible to prove whether or not consent. If the victim come to the police station saying she was raped by a boyfriend, husband, or friend ficante, it is almost sure that his case did not go forward.
Even if you stop in court, the prosecution is likely to turn against the woman, as we have seen. "Lawyers can use any argument to invalidate the victim are usually moralistic arguments -. And work," says Ana Paula Meirelles Lewin, coordinator of the Defense Center of Public Defender Women's Rights of the State of São Paulo. No wonder, then, that 90% of women give up report crime: who knows what lawyers and prosecutors will come up on it. The estuproacaba silenced by shame, extremely efficient weapon. And shame is the key word in these cases. "Rape is an extremely intimate crime, a profound violation, as very few other things are if the people who deal with such cases. - Doctors, lawyers, police officers - have no respect for that violation, they will not be able to help women" said Dr. Jefferson Drezett, which serves victims of sexual violence in hospital Pearl Byington, in São Paulo.
Despicable Me
It was a sunny May afternoon when four teenagers decided to leave home to take some panoramic photos of your hometown. But they have bad luck: when they reached the top of the hill, they found five of the worst criminals of the city, completely drugged. Rendered with a gun, they were tied to a tree with their own underwear. What followed were hours of beating, stabbing and estuprocoletivo: one was disfigured so much catch up, the other had torn the nipples. When they tired of the horrors, the boys played girls of a rut 8 meters and when they saw that they had not died yet, they decided to stone them. One of the victims, Danielly Feitosa, eventually died 11 days later. The following other wounds. Hardly will return to a normal life.
What happened last month in Castelo do Piauí, 180 km from Teresina, - one of the most frightening cases of rape recent news - is the kind of crime that terrifies the imagination of people. It's the kind of crime that too often get more attention: very young girls attacked by unknown gunmen obviously very cruel. Are horrible cases that everyone strongly condemns: the attacks are highlighted in the newspapers, delegates and judges are outraged and especially committed to punish the criminals, who, when they reach the chain, must even be away from other prisoners to avoid being killed . The punishment is exemplary. But, contrary to what seems, this type of rape is also a minority of cases.
First, the progress in the justice system. In Brazil there is no exact estimates, but the US only 0.2% to 2.8% of rape cases end in convictions. Thanks to the mechanisms that we have seen - the shame of victims, slow bureaucratic procedures and punitive damages to the woman, the fear of being judged and humiliation in the courts - this means that 99% of men who rape quietly follow with their lives, without any consequence. Can you imagine that statistics are more discouraging in Brazil.
Castle crime also exception to the rule because in most cases are not as extreme: criminals are not as bad ones, the victims are not so helpless, violence is more subtle. In fact, there is a myth that rape only happen at night, in dark alleys, by armed and hooded robbers who attack virginal maidens. The truth is not so. Probably the saddest thing about rapes in Brazil with regard to the victims of the profile: according to the Ministry of Health, 70% of rape are children and adolescents up to 17 years (give some 350,000 people a year, a whole Zurich) and the highest of them was raped at home by trusted people like stepfathers or family friends.
But even among adults, the unknown evil rapist myth is just that: myth. In real life, most of the cases of sexual violence happens in homes and marriages after parties or meetings in the middle of sex that began consensus among people who already knew each other and with aggressors that even remotely have the profile "rapists". In Brazil, for example, 10% to 14% of all women will experience sexual violence by their partners. This is the case of Lucineide of the story beginning. And Emma, Allison and Kelsey, US.
Emma Sulkowicz was the first day of his second year of college at Columbia University, USA, when he met Paul, a former ficante, at a party. The two chatted and began kissing, and the meeting ended up stopping in her room. The sex was consensual until at some point the relationship, Paul decided to hold her legs tightly, squeezing his neck and penetrate her anally - all while Emma said "not so." Allison Huguet already knew her rapist, Beau, from small child - in fact, were such friends that she called him brother. In 2010, both decided to go to a party at the home of an acquaintance and got drunk. Both Allison thought better sleep there even instead of returning by car. She flipped herself on the couch, only to wake up two hours later with the pants and panties at their feet and his best friend moaning over it - he was having sex with her unconscious. Terrified, she pretended to be asleep. What happened to Kelsey Belnap was even worse. She studied at the University of Montana when he decided to go out with a friend. The two went to her friend's boyfriend's apartment, where they were four boys college football team. All started drinking and boys challenged the girls to see who drank more distillates doses. Kelsey must have turned an eight cups before flipping over in one of the rooms. When she came to, he realized that one of the boys was sticking his erect penis into her mouth. The girl tried to pull away, but could not. In the next few hours while awake and returned to become unconscious, all four boys took turns to penetrate it. She did not learn what has happened in the hospital when a nurse examined.
Of the three crimes, only Allison finished with the rapist in jail - and that only because it managed to record a phone call in which he confessed to the crime. In the other two, the credibility of the girls was attacked without stopping after they made the complaint and the sex was considered consensual - including Kelsey: the police believed that an unconscious girl would be able to give consent for four different men have sex with her .
The above cases are American because, there, the debate about sexual violence on college campuses walks heated and the whole country girls are coming forward to tell their stories. Governments and institutions are headbanging to contain what is called a "new wave of rape": research indicates that 20% of university students were raped in their lives, and 84% of them by someone they knew. "Universities hide crimes because there are no consequences if they do something wrong," says Shelby Cuomo, a researcher university sexual violence at George Washington University. "An investigation concluded that even Harvard Law School did not fulfill all the requirements of the law in time to investigate a rape case. Still, the school was not punished."
Here, the complaints are also beginning. The most famous involving cases of sexual violence in the USP as the veterinary student who slept in a party of the republic and woke up with a colleague raping her from behind and the medical freshman who was raped by an employee of the college during a party in 2011. When the girls sought help within the campus, heard from students, social workers and academic centers that would be better not to make complaints: it was better not to tarnish the college. Fortunately, the board did not prevail. The events were so many that at one point the USP could no longer ignore the complaints. The case ended up turning to a CPI and caused the resignation of Paul Saldiva, the teacher who was leading the investigation. "College misbehaved and was defensive about the complaints. There is a crisis of conduct and values," he said at the output. The final report of the CPI included 112 rapes within the university. Still, the number is far from the truth: geography student Aline *, for example, told the SUPER as was raped at a party of the School of Architecture, did not report his case. She was sure that would not be heard. It is precisely this lack of trust in the institutions that reinforces the silence.
The dilemma of the tagger
A "new wave of rape," however, is not new. Cases like the above ever happened, especially in environments that value makeout watered too much alcohol - just talk to any known her she's going to count some similar story. too drunk to consent girls or boys who insist on sex even after the girl say that is not to exist since the world began. Previously, acts so were dismissed as "bad sex" or "A night to forget" or "moral hangover". The difference is that now the girls are know to name the violence they experienced: rape. "Before, many of the cases appeared as` he forced barra¿, `I did not want, but just acontecendo¿, or something that gets consensual and then gets violent, and the girl can not stop the boy. Now, girls are realizing these cases as violence, which is a big change of perspective, "says Heloisa Buarque de Almeida, an anthropology professor at USP, who set up a support group for victims of sexual violence on campus.
It is very important not to discredit this kind of rape between acquaintances as less serious than others - as made famous figures as biologist Richard Dawkins, the interview on p. 56. Being forced to have sex by force, even with a well-known, it is traumatic and has consequences for the rest of emotional and sexual life of the victim.
Research also shows that there is a predatory behavior among college students accused of sexual violence. According to David Lisak, a psychologist at Duke University and a leading expert on sexual violence known, only a small minority of boys is responsible for the vast majority of rape incidents among college students - between 90% and 95% of cases are committed by someone who has raped her before. And these guys make the repeated and consciously acts. Lisak interviewed dozens of boys in universities and asked them to describe how often seduce girls, always taking care not to call them rapists. The story of one of them, which he dubbed Frank, it's scary, "We always keep an eye on more cats Girls easier are the freshmen because they do not know still drink, then we invite them to the party and serve. any very sweet and full drink of alcohol. you have to have talent for this, choose the kiddies already during and week and play the chat. Then when they are too drunk, I give the boat. Levo prum room and try to take the clothes. they react, they say they do not want, but I insist and an hour they end up even capsizing. So I like them. " Any resemblance to the locker room conversations is no coincidence.
The problem here is, of course, in what is expected of a young boy. Many of them, to force the bar or having sex with a girl too drunk to know what you're doing, are not aware that they are committing a serious criminal offense and imposing a major trauma to girls. Instigated by culture (university general) to catch as many women as possible and not miss any chance to have sex, just ignoring consents no data or resistance. The solution is, of course, to change this culture. No charge for children who are catching. Never blame a girl for what happened to her. Understand that sex is only worthwhile when the two are in order. And that `não¿ always - always, always - to say" no. "
All the same
The way laws and cultures deal with rape has changed very little over the last 4000 years
The Code of Hammurabi
One of the first known code of laws of 4000 years, already spoke emestupro. The peculiarity is that in the case of a virgin, the act was a crime against property - her father. Already married women were executed along with their rapists because they had committed adultery.
Biblical rape - and of Brazil
The Old Testament makes clear: rape a virgin was only crime if the man does not marry her later. As in Brazil until 2002 - by that date rapists could escape from prison if they marry their victims.
Ancient Rome and Game of Thrones
In Rome, at the end of a marriage, the couple went through a little ritual: the woman pretended to be frightened and clung to his mother, while the groom's friends dragged forcibly to her husband's quarters. It is a ritual that recalls the time when women were kidnapped by invaders - and George R. R. Martin plays in Game of Thrones.
Because silence wins:
78% of Brazilians think that what happens between a house a couple does not matter to others.
63% think that cases of violence within the home should be discussed only among the family members.
And as the blame falls on his lap them:
59% of Brazilians agree that there is "woman to marry" and "woman to bed."
58% believe that if women know how to behave, there would be fewer rapes.
Source: IPEA
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